Industrial Disturbances in Cities: Case Study of Nigeria

industrial Disturbances in Cities Case Study of NigeriaTHE acquaintance OF INDUSTRIAL DISTURBANCES IN NIGERIAN CITIES A GEOGRAPHICAL APPRAISAL OFBENIN- cityA. 0. AtubiAbstractThe major aim of this research work is to determine the knowledge of industrial disturbances by Benin City residents. This refers to the disturbances created by the availability of heavy military personnelu detailuring industries approximately residential beas of the city. For this purpose, a total of 158 residents were sampled, to generate the data for this research. fourfold coefficient of correlation analysis was manipulationd to test for the significance among the science of residents who know close to industrial establishments and those who live far off. This revealed that 58% of residents in the athletic field cranial orbit apprehend industrial disturbance as caused by industries more or less their neighbourhood, leaving 42% unaw be to ignorance, indifference etc. The analysis of part (ANO VA) statistics and chi-squ be test were also used. The everywhereall findings of this research bring to the forrad the fact that a high percentage of Benin-City residents be non awake of industrial disturbances.IntroductionAlthough the train of industrialization in Nigeria is still very low, its growth rate in the recent past has been meaning(a). This growth rate was by and large due to the availability of a large investible capital in the mid(prenominal) 70s (owing to oil revenues) and a growing commitment on the part of presidential term to planned economic growth. Industrial growth is not possible to disparage drastically because of the growing awareness of the need to lift just about all-important(a) commodities locally and more recently the ban slammed by the Federal regime of Nigeria on the importation of goods, which can be produced locally. Consequently, industrial expansion is deally to continue, in spite of, or even because of the present economic de pressi ngion.The industrial establishments arising from these processes are located within the framework of a low level and primate pattern of urbanization. Industries spring up in tens annually and most of these are located alongside residential landing fields in most disk operating system capitals and urban centres where women spend 3/4 of their clip engaging in various economic activities (Uchegbu, 1998). Consequently, the few urban centres in Nigeria deem tended to be the monopolistic locations of these industries. There are now more than 3,000 industries of various categories in the country with about half of this takings located in Lagos metropolis alone (Uchegbu, 1998).Perhaps, a more compelling reason for exa dig the mental images or perceptions people hold of the emerging industrial environment in our cities name to one underlying assumption regarding the attitude of ontogenesis countries to environmental issues. The construe is widely held that a major concern and pre-occu pation in most break ining countries is with economic growth and development and that people are in antithetical to and broadcast low premium on environmental quality. This attitude arises from a perception that economic growth and environmental quality are mutually exclusive.environmental problems/disturbances can be in form of soil erosion, contaminant, flood, deforestation, bio-diversity loss, and degradation, quarry and mining problems etc (Adedibu, 1997 Ajayi, 1997 and Odetunde et. al., 1998). environmental degradation, in general terms, refers to the process that may act to crush the condition of a part of the earths surface of its surround atmosphere to become unpleasant or less useful to man (Akinyele, 2000).The natural environmental settings covers the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere (Olorunfemi and Jimoh, 2000). Within these spheres are a number of fundamental interactions that propelled the different types of human related activities. The term envir onment literally pith surroundings, circumstance or influence (Ajibade, 2000).environmental pollution is a respective(a) problem experienced all over the globe today, this experience cuts across both the veritable and developing worlds. In 1985, the Polish Academic of Sciences exposit heavily industrialized Poland as the most polluted country in the world (Miller Jnr, 1994). Air, water, and soil are so polluted that at to the lowest degree 1/3 of the people risk contracting environmentally bring forth respiratory illnesses, and a host of other diseases.Coal supplies 80% of Polands energy most of the countrys industrial and power plants have no pollution control technology whatsoever or, at to the lowest degree ineffective controls. Satellite photographs show that the biggest clouds of smokes in Europe hang over southern Poland, partly because large coal burning plants have shutdown their pollution control equipment to save power and silver (Miller, Jnr, 1994).Adeoti (2004) , stated clearly that, industry has been reckoned to suffer much to environmental pollution in developed countries and much research has been done to proffer technical solutions. So far, work on this vault of heaven has been largely limited to developed countries. However, there has been increasing advocacy that developing countries need not total the environmentally unfriendly development path of industrialized countries (Adeoti, 2004).Aghalino (2000), asserted that the concern of oil exploitation on the oil mineral producing communities are in three folds. First, it leads to environmental pollution. Secondly, it destroys the ecosystem and the ways of life of the people and lastly, the oil producing communities are generally underdeveloped. Jimoh (2000), made a factual assertion on the interaction between man and his environment. Man is a product of the environment as the latter is also an important component in the life of the former. Thus, defend the environment of man from destruction is inevitable. Many industrialists have viewed industrial progress and environmental protection as mutually exclusive, merely Odiete (1993), advocates that industrial progress and environmental protection must be complementary sort of than mutually exclusive.Although Benin City has no major processing industries such as oil refineries, iron and steel or metallurgical industries that usually contribute heavy pollution to the ecosystem, there exist nevertheless other industries like pulp and penning, aluminium, breweries, rubber processing, plastic, livestock feeds, non-alcoholic beverage etc, which generate pollutants. Some of these industries produce noise and thermal changes. Plants and heavy machines used in factories/industries make a hell of noise during their production period (Uchegbu, 1998 Ozo, 1988).Materials and Methods of StudyThe data on which the contemplate is based were collected through questionnaire survey in 2005 from tetrad zones to which Benin-Ci ty was divided. These are Ekenhua road area, Ihama-Boundary road area, Oregbeni quarters of lkpoba hill, and speeding Siluko road area ( touch fig 1). 158 questionnaires were used in this study and the number of questionnaires that were administered in separately sampled area depended on the population of that zone. Based on the population, 39 (thirty nine) questionnaires were administered in Ekenhuan, 39 (thirty nine) were also administered in Oregbeni quarters, succession 38 (thirty eight) questionnaires were administered in upper Siloko area. In the course of the administration of the questionnaires, the streets and houses were chosen using the systematic take techniques. Two questionnaires were used in every eight houses in each street. Responses from the questionnaires were used for data analysis.Averaging model and percentages were used to summarise the data while multiple correlation was used to determine the indivi two-fold and overall contributions of industrial disturb ances in the study area. The analysis of variance was used to examine the divergence in industrial perceptions while the chi-square test was used for testing whether the variables are independent or related.Study AreaBenin City plays a dual function of being the capital of Edo State and the headquarter of Oredo Local governance Area. The 1991 census puts the total population of Benin City at 762,717. It lies approximately between latitude 616N and 633 trade union of the equator and longitude 53lE and 545 east of the prime meridian. It covers an area of l,2158q.km. Benin City is bounded to the north and west by ovia North East Local government Area, to the North East by Uhunrnwode Local Government Area, to the East by Oriohwon Local Government Area and to the South by Ugbenu village in Delta State (see fig.2)FIG 1 MAP OF capital of Japan STATE SHOWING STUDY AREA beginning Ministry of daybook of cartography and G.I.S, (2002)FIG 2 MAP SHOWING BENIN CITY IN capital of Japan STATEDi scussion of Results and Findings gameboard 1 Educational status ascendent Fieldwork, 2005A megre 30.4% of the total respondents are equipped with tertiary education as against a majority of 55.1% of respondents who posses only secondary education. This to a large extent, brings to fore the low level of education in Benin City and in third world countries in general.Table 2 Reponses to listed disturbanceSource Fieldwork, 2005 make out1 = Very Serious2 = Slightly Serious3 = Not SeriousFrom table 2, only columns I and 2 are applicable for this analysis. This is because these are the respondents that behold some level of seriousness associated with the industrial disturbances they experience in their area. The responses from column 3 is however not relevant because these respondents do not analyse the disturbances as serious and as such do not see the disturbances as posing any jeopardy to human and animal life and to the ecosystem in general.In invest to descry whether the variab les are independent or related, the chi-square test was applied. A calculated determine of 34.7 and a table value of 26.30 was obtained. This implies that, the industrial disturbances in the study area is significant enough to attract attention. This also shows that there is a significant difference between those who perceive industrial disturbances and those who do not, in Benin City.Table 3 Awareness status from each areaSource Fieldwork, 2005A good number of respondents in the different study locations were aware of the disturbances be by heavy industries. Others were totally unaware. The combination of the respondents who are not aware and indifferent to industrial disturbance shows that a larger proportion of the respondents are ignorant of industrial disturbances.To re-assess the respondents premium placed on environmental quality, the question Do you consider the environmental impact of your fooling activity was asked. The responses are tabulated below in table 3.Table 4 P remium placed on Environmental qualitySource Fieldwork, 2005The supra analysis clearly shows that the majorities, represented 87.38% of the total respondents, do not consider the environment in their daily activities. One of the research hypotheses, which states that there is no significant difference in perceptions between residents who are aware of industrial disturbances and those who are not aware is tested with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical technique. Since the table value of 19.4 is less than the calculated value of 665.78, the null speculation is rejected. The alternative hypothesis which states that there is a significant difference in perception between residents who are aware of industrial disturbances and those who are not is thus accepted. This implies that there is a significant variability between those who perceive industrial disturbances and those who do not, between and within each area. (See Appendix A for all necessary computations).Table 5 Magnitu de of disturbance Area-by-areaSource Fieldwork, 2005Here, only residents who perceive the problem as very serious and more or less serious was considered. This is so because, those who do not perceive the disturbances are not relevant in determining the correlation.Table 6 Perceived Industrial disturbances and data for multiple correlation analysisSource Fieldwork, 2005Appendix B contains details of the correlation among the four variables. The relationship between the variables is 0.024 (see Appendix B for all necessary computations). The percentage variation of perception of industrial disturbances in the different areas of the study area is 58%. This implies that 58% of the residents in Benin-City perceive industrial disturbance as caused by industries around their neighbourhood, leaving 32% unaware to ignorance, indifference and other reasons.Policy Implications/RecommendationsLaws and policies channelize land use should be formulated. This should be done to specific areas of the city or town, which is meant for different uses. Areas for residential, commercial, industrial, administrative recreational, etc. purposes should be well spelt out. Also, such laws should he reviewed periodically to meet up the dynamic nature of human society. Where laws guiding the pattern of the land use in a state, town or city exist they should he effectively implemented and enforced to see that the aim of formulating such laws are achieved. We have a society today where the majority is lawless and as such indiscipline prevails.Environmental Auditing, sometimes called post impact Assessment should be carried out on industries from time to time to make sure that they comply with the environmental safety rules. It should be done especially For industries, which are located around residential areas. This is to gybe environmental degradation.Both residents and industrialists should be properly educated citizens who wish to develop residential houses should be educated properly in order not to site the building in an industrial layout or close by. Also, industrialists should be oriented on how to keep their factories only to the laid-out areas for industrial purposes in order to avoid future environmental problems.ConclusionThis study has x-rayed the perceptions of Benin-City residents towards industrial disturbances. This was evident, as areas, which were delimited for residential purpose have been enveloped by industries and vice versa. This study has also enumerated some of the disturbances caused by industries and suggested possible ways of averting and peradventure correcting the ugly trend.ReferencesAdedibu, A. A. (1997). Trends in environmental management of drainage, sewage and solid squander in Kware State. 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Enugu Precision Printers and Publishers.Appendix AAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) Calculations inwardness of squares within and between groupsSSW=26+266+416+290.67SSW=998.67SSb=Ekenhaun=3(13-13.2)2 = 0.12Ihama/boundary=3-13.2Oregbeni =3(14-13.2) = 1.92 pep pill Siluko=3(12.3-13.2)=0.75Means sum of squares within (MSW)MSW=SSWN-MMSW=998.67=998.6712-39=110.9111MSb=SSbM-1MSb=2.91=2.91=1. 4533-12=1.5F ratio=Greater variance pretendLesser variance estimate=998.67=665.781.5Calculated value=665.78ANOVA TABLEAPPENDIX BMultiple Correlation Calculationsr11=1.00Suggesting a perfect correlationr12=-0.268Suggesting a negative correlationr13=-0.084Suggesting also a negative correlationr14=0.01Suggesting a dictatorial but weak correlationr22=1.00Suggesting a perfect correlationr23=0.38Suggesting a decreed correlationr24=0.651Suggesting a positive and strong correlationr34=0.668Suggesting a positive and strong correlationr44=1.00Suggesting a perfect correlation