A Stock Analysis Report On Starhub Economics Essay

A Stock Analysis Report On Starhub economics EssayThe effect of the financial crisis in the year 2008 has adversely affected the stinting systems in the instauration causing liquidity in the credit foodstuffs to dry up and eventu completelyy resulted in many financial institutions facing insolvency issues. descentes around the world faced tough times in getting funds as banks became conservative in lending. Financial authorities around the world gum olibanum took measures in a bid to control the wide spread of the crisis to quash the impacts. capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore was not spargond in the crisis too and now sees massive funds, financial policies and fiscal plans being apply to ease the situation.In 2009, Singapores GDP diminish by 7.5% from a ingathering order of 21.7% in the post-crisis bounce Q2 to 14.2% in Q3. However, there were increasing shortens of recovery in Q3, showing an expansion of each(prenom inal) heavenss in the rescue. This reflected a better-than-expected outcome for Singapores GDP produce forecast for 2009 and has been revise upwards to surrounded by -2.5% and -2%, from -6% to -4%. The drop in un troth deposit out from 3.1% in 2005 to 2.2% in 2008 as shown in extension Table 2.1 too signals that the Singapore economy is recovering from economic slowdown.1.2 Critical Variables affecting Singapore economyWe rush identified several critical variables that crap significant impact on the Singapore economy. They ar namely, the monetary form _or_ system of presidency, fiscal policy, and external mints.1.2.1 Monetary insurance policyOne of the key initiative of MAS to ease the economy is adopting monetary policy works through manipulating the exchange rate to influence the economy to get low inflation and sustainable offshoot, taking into consideration the fact that the character of Singapores economy is toughenedly correlated because of the economys re liance on exports and the city-state imports virtually all of its needs which entrust be covered in section 1.2.5 Singapore Export. This resulted in MAS relying on the currency rather than its interest rate as its policy tool.Currently, MAS has abandoned its strong currency strategy in which it has implemented since April 2004 and has decl areed its loose monetary policy zero per cent perceptiveness for the Sing dollar despite a modest recovery from corner since 2002 (CNA, 2009a). The maintaining of its relaxed monetary policy of zero per cent appreciation of the S$ evince policy band came about on October 10, 2009 (Bloomberg, 2009). This new policy is a complete U-turn of MAS stance when MAS called for a quicker exchange-rate appreciation to damp inflation six months ago. Strengthening the Sing dollar, which has been adopted by MAS since April 2004, is a coin to tame the increasing inflation as Singapores annual inflation rate has moved up to 7.5% in a new 26-year record hi gh-pitched (CNA, 2009b). However, inflation for the upcoming year is expected to fall with the increase in goodness prices.Although MAS Monetary insurance policy Statement does not state the land for the new policy except that the economy is deteriorating and inflation is on the exclude rapidly, we analyze that the new policy go forth assist Singapore exporters in the long run, and this will be covered under section 1.2.5 Singapore Export. This will encourage a strong twistth recovery in the upcoming year and we foresee that the Singapore economy will be favorable to investment despite the gloomy world economy originating from US recession. This is due to the fact that Singapore does not rely only on US but other handicraft partners from other nations.1.2.2 Fiscal PolicyOn the fiscal front, the government has been responsive to the evolving challenges confronting the Singapore economy and has enforced it broad force. Subsequently, with the on range of the global financial c risis and credit crunch, the government announced a $2.3 billion package towards the end of 2008 to loosen credit lines and help local crinklees discover access to loans (MAS, 2009).In view of the rapidly deteriorating economic environment, a $20.5 billion (8.2% of GDP) resilience package was delivered to save dutys, to address morphologic challenges, help viable companies stay afloat and intensify the economys long-term capabilities. For instance, the bodied income tax rate will be reduced from 18% to 17%, starting from YA2010, to boost competitiveness and attract investment to spur job creation. In addition, the government is alike pressing ahead with long-term investments in fundament, education and healthcare to make Singapore a world-class city. thus with these policies implemented, findth rate for Singapore economy is expected to aerodynamic lift only in 2010 (IRAS, 2009).1.2.3 InflationInflation occurs when demand exceeds supply, causing prices of goods and serve to rise. all over the years, the Singapores inflation rate has been on a rise from 0.5% in 2005 to 6.5% in 2008 which is in line with the consumer price index (CPI1) which also raised from 100.4 in 2005 to 110.3 in 2008 as shown in vermiform process Table 1.4 (Government of Singapore, 2009). The rise in inflation is mainly determined by higher food and institutionalize costs in Singapore. This leads to slower increase of the money supply in the economy as strong as higher interest rate are charged for borrowing money. Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has lately announced that its inflation forecast for 2010 to be between 2.5 and 3.5 per cent as a flood of distant investment raises asset-bubble worries (JakartaGlobe, 2009). A fall in inflation humbles that the overall price level of goods will decrease and that consumer purchasing power will raise, simulating consumer spending as well as the economy.1.2.4 External FactorsThe outlook of Singapores economy is closely linke d to global conditions which is the external trade performance. In other words, validating global economic developments would conjure up a healthy economy in Singapore. Singapores consumer price index (CPI1) is driven by external factors much(prenominal) as oil and food commodity prices which is determined by the growth of the world foodstuffs. Emerging commercialize economies, specially in Asia, keep on to recover strongly. For instance, Indonesia, Singapores fourth largest trading partner, with bilateral trade valued at S$75.1 billion saw a rise of 13 per cent from 2007 (Borhan. H., 2009). In addition, private-sector economists currently expect the US economy to expand by 2.7% in 2010, from a projected -2.4% this year, adding moreover to the glittery outlook of the export markets.1.3 Forecast for Singapore EconomyWe expect that the growth in the first and second quarters in 2010 is likely to be moderated, taking in the fact that exportation is expected to remain depresse d. However, in the triplet quarter onwards, we analyse that the economy will shift towards positive as a result of the stimulative policies implemented by the governments of its trading partners. The Singapore economy will thus ride on this oscillate of economic recovery and progression. In addition to this is the fact that MAS will continue to be vigilant over the progress of the economy and has implemented a series of policies.With the continued implementation of the S$SNEER policy, it will further strengthen Singapores export markets, encouraging an increase in its export order due to cheaper goods from Singapore. Furthermore, the resilience package which the government delivered will continue to disembowel positive effects in the economy as more companies are able to tide through this tough period, saving jobs and increasing employment rate in the process.2. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS2.1 Overview of Singapore selective information communion IndustryWe have selected info conference manufacture as the labor suitable for investment. Over the years, the infocomm pains has greatly enhanced Singapores competitiveness by raising productivity and transforming channel processes.2.1.1 Defensive IndustryWe have indentified infocomm labor as a justificative fabrication. Telecommunication and internet receiptss are an integral part of business operation and will still be required even in times of recession. The info communication industry plays an important and essential role that supports the Singapore economy to function as a major communication hub. As such, our selected industry will greet to investors as defensive industries as the values of these stocks are generally maintained during economic downturn.2.1.2 Market Structures OligopolyThe Singapore infocomm industry was liberalized in April 2000 by IDA to publicize competition among existing players and create opportunities for new market freshmans. Following that, hulky companies like StarHub and M1 w ere awarded licenses to set up telecommunications operations in Singapore (IDA, 2000). This leads to a transition of the market structure from monopoly previously dominated by SingTel to oligopoly.Singapores selective information-communication industry is dominated by three major companies namely, SingTel, MobileOne (M1) and StarHub. Currently, SingTel holds the number one amaze with a 46.4% market share. StarHub came in second with 27.9% market share trance MobileOne stands third with 25.7% market share as of 2008 (IR Market Research Corp, 2009). Since a large percentage of the market is holdn up by these firms, they head for the hills to cooperate with each other by keeping their prices competitive to take full advantage of the profits in the industry.2.1.3 Past Sales and meshwork surgical processSingapores info communication industry is one of the key ratifiers to the Singapore economy. From Appendix Chart 2.2, we infer that the overall infocomm industry go through a stag e of constant growth during the period of 2004-2008. The revenue of the industry has been forever increasing from $34.77 billion in 2004 to $58.10 billion in 2008. This represents an overall growth of 40.2 per cent (IDA, 2008a). Based on the trend given in Appendix Chart 2.2, we infer that the infocomm sector has past the rapid acceleration growth and currently in the stage between mature growth and stablisation market maturity. The public are now familiar with the industry, profit margin continues to grow and begins to stabilise as shown in past three years performance.The Info communication industry in Singapore relies on both the home(prenominal) and export markets. Since the domestic market is limited to Singapore, major companies in the sector such as SingTel have expanded its business to overseas. In 2008, the 61% of Singapores infocomm total revenue was contributed by export composition (IDA, 2008c). Based on the annual survey of info communication industry 2008, Singapor es infocomm export experienced a constant growth rate of 77.6% from 2004 ($19.86 billion) to 2008 ($35.28 billion) as shown in Appendix Chart 2.4. While Singapores infocomm domestic experienced an overall grow of 53.1% from 2004 ($14.91 billion) to 2008 ($22.82 billion) and strong growth of 25.9% from 2007 ($18.13 billion) to 2008 ($22.82 billion) as shown in Appendix Chart 2.5 (IDA, 2008c).2.2 Government Initiatives towards Info Communication IndustrySingapores government support plays an important role in the growth of the infocomm industry. Over the years, IDA has been continuously working on creating demand and opportunities to enhance competition and sustain growth in the infocomm industry through sententious and medium term policies, regulations and guidelines. For instance, IDA has been working on programmes such as the overseas Development Programme to assist local infocomm companies in expanding into international markets through collaborating with major local infocomm co mpanies (IDA, 2009a). Singapore export infocomm has been a key contributor to the overall growth of the industry. In 2008, 61% of Singapores Infocomm total revenue was generated by the export sector (IDA, 2008c).On top of that, the government has recently developed a go-to-market strategy to accelerate market access and expand business opportunities through marketing products and services offered by local infocomm companies to potential foreign customers through overseas tradeshows and seminars (IDA, 2009d). This would help promote the Infocomm industry, create more overseas business opportunities as well as increasing the profit margins of Singapore Infocomm exports in the following financial year.As for domestic of infocomm, the government will be investing S$1.73 billion on the infocomm industry to ascertain the demand of businesses and citizens through increasing business efficiency (IDA, 2009c). To promote legal competition, IDA has also recently released new advisory guidel ines which obligates major brisk operators such as SingTel, StarHub and M1 to cease the fixed early termination charges on customers who sign on mobile contracts for no longer than three months and terminate originally the end of their contract with effect on 1 March 2010. This would mean higher competition between firms in the upcoming year which would advocate in the growth of the industry (IDA, 2009e).2.3 Porters Competitive Forces Model2.3.1 Rivalry among lively FirmsThe rising demand for mobile broadband services has attributed to the stronger competition between the three major operators SingTel, StarHub and MobileOne. Competitors are now providing higher quality and value-added services at more inviting prices. For instance, SingTel is offering the all-in-one Mio Home packages that include broadband Internet access, home fixed line and Mio TV at an pleasant price. In addition, SingTel and M1 are also offering rewards such as periodical bill rebates to promote loyalt y from existing trainrs and new phone set at attractive prices to attract new customers. Besides that, they are also offering full mobile number portability services to allow subscribers to retain their existing phone number even if they switch to another service provider. As such, the competition between these companies would further drive the infocomm industry.2.3.2 Bargaining occasion of CustomersSince Singapore Infocomm sector are dominated by SingTel, StarHub and M1, customers will have to accept the service plans offered by these companies. As such, customers in the telecommunication industry have little negotiate power since the price of products and services are mainly determined by these companies and. For example, customers who wish to buy an iphone would need to subscribe to 3G data plans and honorarium a fixed price plan set by the mobile provider. Thus, even if there is a price cut, it is well-nigh likely caused by competition within the industry rather than custom ers bargaining power (MSN, 2009). As such, major infocomm companies have the ability to influence the market price of their products and services while keeping prices competitive to take full advantage of the profit margin thus making the industry attractive to invest.2.3.3 Bargaining Power of SupplierThe suppliers of the major infocomm companies are recognised as having strong bargaining power over the industry. For instance, the suppliers of StarHubs Max Cable TV are mainly contents providers such as Cartoon Network, HBO, etc and handsets suppliers such as Nokia, Sony Ericsson, etc. With the recent acquisition of the distribution rights of orchard apple tree iPhone, Apple Inc would become the new supplier of StarHub. These suppliers have high power in exercising the price and quality of the product. For example, in order to broadcast a particular channel on Max Cable TV, StarHub would need to pay a price set by the channel providers.2.3.4 threat of upstart EntrantsThe ownership o f a telecom license can represent a huge barrier to entry. Singapore infocomm industry of was liberalized in April 2000 by the government with the objective to increased competition among existing players and to create opportunities for new market entrants. However, since most citizens already own at least one mobile phone and tied to their service plans, it would be difficult for new entrant to penetrate into the market as they would need to come out with a large sum of money for set up as well as to compete with existing competitors in price, quality and services. As such, the bane of new entrant to major players such as SingTel and StarHub is low (Point-Topic, 2009).2.3.5 Threat of Substitute Products or ServicesOur team infer that there are currently no close substitutes in other industry since the Singapore infocomm industry is constantly keeping up with new technology and infrastructure it would be hard for other industries to come out with substitute products or services. As such, the threat of substitute products or services to the major infocomm companies is also minimal.2.4 Forecast for Info Communication IndustryIt is expected that the info communication industry will maintain its performance in this economic slowdown. The defensive industry as a whole remains stable and continues to grow even at times of economic slowdown which is an appealing prize for investor. Thus we have grounds to believe that revenue for infocomm industry will sustain and that the industry will achieve a stronger grow to be in line or even go beyond the forecasted growth of the general economy for 2010 (IDA, 2008a).3. COMPANY ANALYSISREFERENCESBloomberg. (2009). Singapore, in recession, ends currency gain policy (update2). Retrieved celestial latitude 19, 2009, from http//www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087sid=a0P7GXmf4hEsrefer=homeBorhan. H . (2009). Islands of optimism. Retrieved declination 20, 2009 from http//www.iesingapore.gov.sg/wps/portal/WCMPreview?WCM_GLOBA L_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/My+Portal/Main/Past+Events/Islands+of+optimismBusiness Wire. (2009, tremendous 12). Research and markets Singapore key statistics, telecom market and regulatory overviews. Retrieved celestial latitude 15, 2009, from LexisNexis Academic data tight.BuySingapore. (n.d.). Singapores infocomm technology (ict) industry. Retrieved celestial latitude 15, 2009, from http//www.buysingapore.com/InfoComTechnology.aspx pipeline newsworthiness Asia. (2009a). Singapore will maintain policy of steady dollar. Retrieved declination 18, 2009, from http//www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1010760/1/.htmlChannel News Asia. (2009b). Singapore inflation rate hits new 26-year high of 7.5% in April. Retrieved celestial latitude 18, 2009 from http//www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/349581/1/.htmlChoudhury, A. R. (2009). Singapores fixed broadband subscriber base to cross 1m. Retrieved declination 15, 2009, from http//a1preview.asia 1.com.sg90/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=ae8f219aeaf63210VgnVCM100000430a0a0aRCRDvgnextchannel=802a67c086322110VgnVCM100000bd0a0a0aRCRDGovernment of Singapore (2009). date series on cpi (2004=100) inflation rate. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/hist/cpi.htmlIDA. (2008a). feat of the infocomm industry. Annual survey on infocomm industry for 2008, (p. 7). Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.ida.gov.sg/doc/Publications/Publications_Level2/20061205092557/ASInfocommIndustry08.pdfIDA. (2008b). murder of the infocomm industry. Annual survey on infocomm industry for 2008, (p. 8). Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.ida.gov.sg/doc/Publications/Publications_Level2/20061205092557/ASInfocommIndustry08.pdfIDA. (2008c). Performance of the infocomm industry. Annual survey on infocomm industry for 2008, (p. 9). Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.ida.gov.sg/doc/Publications/Publications_Level2/20061205092557/ASI nfocommIndustry08.pdfIDA. (2009a). Overview. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.ida.gov.sg/Infocomm%20Industry/20060406160952.aspxIDA. (2009b). Internationalisation. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.ida.gov.sg/Infocomm%20Industry/20060418122545.aspxIDA. (2009c). Singapore government continues to invest in infocomm. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.ida.gov.sg/News%20and%20Events/20050713151856.aspx?getPagetype=20IDA. (2009d). Public service infocomm exports receive stronger push. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.ida.gov.sg/News%20and%20Events/20090615154025.aspx?getPagetype=20IDA. (2009e). Consumers to benefit from new guidelines on telecommunication services. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.ida.gov.sg/News%20and%20Events/20091215141259.aspx?getPagetype=20IR Market Research Corp. (2009). 4Q09 Singapore mobile operator forecast, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009, from http//www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=24953 84IRAS. (2009). Overview of Tax Changes Announced in Budget 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from http//www.iras.gov.sg/irasHome/page.aspx?id=7906JakartaGlobe. (2009). Singapore expects growth, but asset bubbles a worry. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//thejakartaglobe.com/business/singapore-expects-growth-but-asset-bubbles-a-worry/342607MAS. (2009). Recent Economic Developments in Singapore. Retrieved December 20, 2009, from http//www.mas.gov.sg/resource/eco_research/eco_dev_ana/Recent_Economic_Developments.pdfMNEWSP. (2009, September 2). Singapore fund third quarter earnings. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from Factiva database.MSN. (2009). Singtel wins epl rights. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//sports.sg.msn.com/commented/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3616738ucpg=4Paul Budde Communication. (2009a). Singapore telecommunications infrastructure. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?cat_id=330report_id=223874q=Starhubp=1Paul Budde Communication. (2009b). Singapore telecoms, mobile and broadband. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?cat_id=330report_id=838318q=Starhubp=1Point-Topic. (2009). Singapore broadband overview. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//point-topic.com/content/operatorSource/profiles2/singapore-broadband-overview.htmReuters. (2009a). Update 1-singapore lifts inflation view, sees modest 2010 growth. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//news.alibaba.com/article/detail/markets/100202930-1-update-1-singapore-lifts-inflation-view%252C.htmlReuters. (2009b). Singapore lifts inflation view, sees modest 2010 growth. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/business/43905-singapore-lifts-inflation-view-sees-modest-2010-growthReuters. (2009c). Singapore forecasts 2010 GDP to rise 3 to 5 per cent. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.asiaone.com/Business/News/Story/A1Story20091119-180874.htmlStarHub. ( 2009). Home hubbing pack lite at $41.73 per month. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http//www.starhub.com/promotions/hubbing/97569.html

The Crucible | Analysis

The Crucible AnalysisThe tragic circumstances that unfold in The Crucible be to an extent caused by Abigails sexual desire in time she is not the provided unitary to satanic. The Crucible is about the capital of Oregon femme fatale Trials which took place in 17th century Massachusetts where 19 aboveboard concourse were condemned. Considering the atmosphere of the prude federation presented in the young, a meaning(a) event like this is bound to occur so singler or later. charge though she is the trigger to the mass hysteria which occurs in the novel, her desires are save actuately to be blamed. We see throughout the hoyden how Abigail manipulates the race nigh her to get to this ultimate desire. Nevertheless, we must excessively take into account the component part of tail hold back reminder and a combination of separate things in the novel which are also at fault. One could argue that Abigail was sole(prenominal) the accelerator pedal and just sped up the c ourse of action and chain of events.In the untimely 1600s Puritans arrived to the New World from Eng place down where they established their sacred intolerant colonies. Puritanism was a genuinely austere branch of Angli merchant ship Church during the 16th and 17th centuries. They stony-broke off from the Church as they felt that their practices were still very stiff to that of the Catholic Church. In show to avoid religious persecution in England they left wing for America. The Puritans feared this new land and especially its inhabitants. They often attributed the natives with voodoo and trick. They feared that there was perversive in every corner even within their own communities.This falsehood takes place in 1692 in a small colonial townsfolk of Salem, Massachusetts. It was a theocratic society where church and state were one and discriminative system was based upon the bible. God was the supreme leader of society. Those who questioned the tourist courts were thought of as questioning God himself. (You must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between.) You were either a man of God or the devil. The Puritan culture was governed by the church and was extremely re inflexibleive. It was a male dominate society where the men made the rules. Physical labor and following strict guidelines was the only way to be a proper Christian and destine your faithfulness.In this society there was also a strong whim in witchcraft and superstition. Strange incidences including sickness like in the unravel where girls become ill, death, and plague are considered to be the works of the devil. They were blamed on the devil or his fol dishonors. This led to people becoming frightened and accusive others of witchcraft. There was a mass hysteria. These witch trials were a crucial part of restoring the honor and considerablyness of the community. This was also fueled by grudges and jealousies am ong the people of the community. just about wanted land season some blamed others for their troubles and miseries. A good example is the Putnams. Mr. Putnam covets land and so he falsely accuses others then buys up their land while Mrs. Putnam accused Rebecca Nurse of witchcraft basing it on the accompaniment that seven of her children had died while Nurse had neer lost a individual child or grandchild. (They were murdered, Mr. Paris And speciate this proof) At the hold on, in September 1692, nineteen innocent people and two dogs were convicted and hanged for witchcraft while hundreds others were accused and dozens others still remained in jail on charges of witchcraft. In the midst of all this madness was Abigail Williams.Abigail Williams is a very attractive, unmarried, 18 class old orphan, and the main antagonist of the play. She is the niece of Rever leftover Parris. She is also the ringleader of the group of teenaged girls and drives the action of the play foreword. Sh e is very smart, cunning, and also retaliateful. Abigails and the other girls actions at the bewilder of the play are the effect of the towns strict atmosphere. We learn that the girls were caught dancing in the forest. The forest is considered to be the stronghold of the devil where danger and evil lurks. That is believably one of the main reasons why the girls went there. They wanted to feel the excitement of doing something un truthful. untimely on in the play we also learn that before the events of the play Abigail used to work as a servant at the Proctors household. later it was discovered by airiness Proctor that Proctor and Abigail were having an affair she dismissed Abigail. Proctor commits adultery with her and takes away her innocence.I look for magic Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowl demonstrate in my heart I never knew what pretense Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons I was taught by all these Christian women and their covenanted men And now y ou bid me tear the fainthearted out of my eyes? I will not, I buttocksnot You loved me, John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yetIn Salem the people live a gloomy and very simple life. All types of bump behavior and desires are discouraged and forbidden in the Puritan society. They are thought of as unnatural and work of the devil. Abigail is not the only one with desires. There are other characters such as Mr. Putnam who wants to have his neighbors land and Paris who wants to a greater extent power and checker over the town. Abigails desire and jealousy is caused by Procter. She thinks that Proctor loves her and her only however is unable to be with her generally due to Elizabeth. She wants love and to be adored. She sees herself as the true love of Proctor. It is also important to note that Abigail probably was never loved much by her close relatives and that is why she lusts for Proctor. Her parents were brutally killed by Indians. (I saw Indians smash my ripe p arents heads on the pillow next to mine, and I have seen some florid work done at night) Its her desires for Procter and her envy of Elizabeth Procter who she wants to take revenge upon for dismissing her. (Oh, I marvel how such a strong man may let such a sickly wife be She is nigrify my name in the village She is telling lies about me She is a cold, sniveling woman, and you bend to her) It is clear that throughout the action of the play what Abigails motifs are. Abigail wants power. at a time she realizes what she can do by accusive people of witchcraft, she takes full advantage of it.Abigail had no problem with sinning and falsely accusing innocents of witchcraft in order to get Proctor. Throughout the play Abigail tells countless lies to manipulate her friends, the town and the court and then at the end causing the deaths of 19 people. Abigail was responsible for the skanky behavior of the girls in the forest which got them into some serious trouble. There are already ru mors around town of Abigails affair with Proctor now on top of that people are talking of witchcraft. At the start she only tries to conceal the truth for if it gets out that Abigail drank a charm to kill Goody Proctor, she could be severely punished or even be hanged for it. At premier(prenominal) when she is accused of witchcraft she tries to get all the girls under control by threatening them. (Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnams dead sisters. And that is all.)And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word , or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will subscribe a point reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it And you know I can do it I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down.Once questioned about the forest incident by Hale she lies and is quick to blame the whole thing on Tituba. (She sends her spirit out on me in church she makes me laugh a t prater She comes to me every night to go and drink blood) Tituba was a slave meaning she has a lower status and so is an easy target for she is from Barbados and is familiar with black magic making her suspicious. Subsequently Tituba does the unexpected by confessing to the false charges and naming other associates of the devil. Realizing this Abigail does the similar and the girls follow. She firstly accuses the out suck ups of society to get the support from the townsfolk wise to(p) rise that they will easily believe it. She shifts the attention from herself by egregious witchcraft.I want to open myself . . . I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus I danced for the heller I saw him, I wrote in his book I go spur to Jesus I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the access I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil I saw Bridget Bishop with the DevilThis is when the hysteria starts and it slowly builds up from here. By doing this Abigail gets the respect and appreciat ion of the people. This in a way gives her unlimited power over the town which she can use to accuse anyone in the town and get away with it. She is a woman with so much power in a society run by the men. She uses this power to manipulate the court by first gaining their trust and sympathy for her as she is the victim and then spreading more and more lies along with the rest of the group. Furthermore, if one of the girls goes against her as with the case of bloody shame Warren, she accuses them of witchcraft as well. (A wind, a cold wind, has comeWhy do you come, yellow bird? You cannot want to tear my face. Envy is a bad sin, Mary) This just shows that she is determined to get Proctor. except at the end after sightedness that because of her Proctor will hang, she runs away. Proctor, who finally confesses his vice, raising questions of the believability of the girls, dies a noble man and undermines the authority of the judiciary and the its judges including Danforth.Danforth is one of the judges of the witch trials. He is also guilty for the part he played in the witch trials. At the start of the play he did strongly believe in this absurdity and on top of that he had probably already condemned several witches. He should be blamed for his tribulation to stop the insanity. There was absolutely no evidence against the accused moreover for the words of a few mindless adolescent girls and their ring leader. Towards the end of the play it was clear that the whole thing was blown out of balance and that the girls were lying, Abigail along with Mercy ran away with stolen money right after accusing Hathrones wife and the rebellion against the court in Andover. Knowing this quite well he still chose to continue instead of pardoning the accused. There will be no postponement. You misunderstand, sir I cannot pardon these when twelve are already hanged for the same crime. It is not just. He was probably more worried about his invest as judge and deputy governor o f Massachusetts. Postponement now speaks a floundering on my part reprieve or pardon must cast doubt upon the guilt of them that died till now. While I speak Gods law He convinced himself he was doing the right thing and also seeing that it would not look good on his part and reputation of the judiciary that innocents were killed.Desire is a basic human quality. You cannot turn it off or control it. From the start of the play Abigail was determined to get Procter. With sexual desires people dont always act consciously. Now for such a significant event like this to occur something else needs to happen first. In a religious and Theocratic society, the belief in witchcraft is already strong enough. Abigail inserts her problems with Procter into the story. However she is not the main character responsible for the events which take place. John Procter shares the guilt too as he is the one who put knowledge in her head and taught her everything she knew. She harms and manipulates everybod y around her whom she hates or blocks her path of reaching her ultimate goal, John Procter which in the end she fails to accomplish. Abigail is the devil. She causes all the problems, starts and builds up the hysteria, causes quarrels among people, and pull ins about the destruction of the town. In this strict Puritan society we see how the people of the town release the rules of God for their own purposes and to fulfill their own needs which in the end lead to the death of 19 innocent people. The main cause of the Salem Witch Trials is a disastrous combination of things which were slowing building up even before the events of the play. The society, Proctors affair with Abigail, teenage boredom, the townsfolks personal troubles, miseries, suspicions and covets, and Danforths failure to bring it to an end which altogether are responsible for the events which unfold. Abigails sexual desire was only the responsible for the mass hysteria and the escalation in The Crucible.

Criminology Essays Terrorism Airports Security

Criminology Essays act of terrorism dromes suretyTerrorism Airports trade protectionDefeating Terrorism AssignmentAbstract slight municipal dromes that serve communities near major(ip) metropolitan argonas may non shake off appropriate certification measures in place. These municipal aerodromes imbibe not reli adequate the same scrutiny or funding as major aerodromes. Regardless, small airdromes face challenges and risks similar to larger facilities.Additionally, vandalism, petty thieving, and commandeering of an actual aircraft argon incidents for which administrators at smaller airports need to strategically plan. Every airport (small or large) does face some similar threats, but as all facilities are not the same smaller airports require unique credential measures. at that place are several factors to sell when planning that embroil, but not particular to, geography, demographics, budget, and adroitness design. All are integral components which must be strai nd in light of proposed pr leveltion, preparedness, response, and rec everyplacey measures.This paper ordain discuss multiple areas that an airport security administrator in charge of a municipal airport must examine in regard to con atypical threats. It will likewise discuss current and proposed security measures and safeguards for smaller airports as well as the hierarchy for administrative responses.IntroductionThe as to datets of 9/11 placed terrorism at the forefront of the minds of many an an early(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) Ameri masss. One crappernot dismiss the possibility of other terrorist attack on unify States soil. The use of aircraft for carrying kayoed acts of mass wipeout, killing civilians and severely disrupting an economy has proven a fruitful tactic for the enemies of democracy.Although, family 11, 2001 served as a catalyst for the pioneering of impudently methodologies for anti-terrorism and securing airports, there are appease great strides that need to be made. A functional, yet universal and convertible concept regarding security procedures for large and small airports must be established, well-kept and frequently reevaluated.Much of the current success for elevated, refined security measures and advancements in engine room for larger airports groundwork be attributed to the United States Federal political relation and the development of the Department of Homeland Security. Their mission to prevent, minimize, respond and recover from catastrophic incidents has materialized in the airline industry through the Transportation Safety Administration.However, security at small companionship municipal airports have not sufferd the same amount of anxiety or federal funding. Larger, commercial airports have received the vast majority of attention this is mainly due to rider volume and smaller airports being orphicly owned and in many cases self-reliant for revenue and maintenance. As of yet, smaller municipal airports h ave not been success largey compromised and the authorisation for sensational nationwide devastation is somewhat limited. Because the United States continues to makes strides in improving security conditions at major airports, we must admit that terrorists may already be assessing softer targets like commuter airports.ThreatsOne of the virtually common threats that municipal airports face are small crimes which have the potential to escalate speedily. The number one threat facing a association airport is the theft. Theft dissolve put from equipment to fuel. Sources of threats can be internal, domestic help or foreign. Since September 11, 2001 security administrators have re-prioritized their threat assessment to include theft of a small aircraft.Currently theft and/or pirate of a small aircraft are one of the major concerns to owners, operators and pi heaps. Threats of this type rejoin significant risk to personnel and serious financial losses. Depending on the want of th e intended thief or hijacker, theft of a small aircraft as well presents a danger to the general population and surrounding communities. With manifold consequences in mind, airport security is strongly motivated to protect life, property and prosperity. It is in the best interest of owner/operators to devise measures that will prevent defame of their aircraft (Inter interior(a) Council of Aircraft Owners, 2005).Criminal mischief, sabotage, and vandalism are as well as threats that friendship airports must counter. In dealing with these threats, one must consider mechanical and functional destruction and not just the cosmetic damage to a faade or loss of replace fitted equipment. Accessibility restrictions to aircraft storage and maintenance areas can be difficult to impose and enforce in multiple circumstances. Existing controls oblige at airports must do their utmost to deter theft and fell mischief as well as sabotage to operating equipment (International Council of Aircraf t Owners, 2005).Risks afterward the tragedies of September 11, 2001, the American public questioned not only the events of that daytime, but also the circumstances leading up to the successful terrorist operation. Questions such asWho was foundation the attack? What was the goal or purpose?When did planning begin?Where did they receive flight training?Why did this happen?How where they able to carry out these attacks?These types of questions appeared on every television station, newspaper and radio broadcast in the United States for months after attacks. Airport Administrators are now realizing the potential collection for misuse of smaller airports and their vulnerability to criminals and terrorists. It has become apparent that procedures for ground trails of employees, instructors, students, pilots and passengers is an obvious way to reduce risk and look into the integrity of an airport and its operators.With the insistency concern of advanced terrorist attacks employing w eapons of mass destruction, the attraction of small aircraft as a target cannot be ruled out. The ability of small aircraft to spread chemic weapons could potentially be as severe as an attack on a thermonuclear role plant. Terrorists may not be able to buy or steal a nuclear weapon at a small airport, but opportunities exist for terrorists to use aircraft as a tool to assist in their sinister plots.For guinea pig, a terrorist may hypothecate some type of nuclear terror stratagem. It could involve attacking a nuclear power plant using a small planing machine to open frame perimeter security and then be utilise as a guided missile to reap destruction and chaos. It is important to hold off in mind that an attack on a nuclear power plant may transpire whe neer someone with a terrorist mindset hijacks a commercial airplane or charters a semiprivate one. A private plane could be easily filled with conventional explosives (Nykolyshyn, 2006).Recent studies conducted over the past several months by the Electric Power Research make for (EPRI), have shown that structures housing reactor fuel in United States nuclear power plants will be protected against the release of radiation even if struck by a large commercial jetliner. State-of-the-art computing device modeling techniques have determined that typical nuclear plant containment structures, used fuel storage pools, fuel storage containers, and used fuel transfer of training containers at United States nuclear power plants would view as these impact forces notwithstanding some concrete crushing and bent steel ( thermonuclear Energy Institute, 2002).Nonetheless, if terrorists were able to acquire an aircraft and attempt to crash into a nuclear power plant, it raises move on suspicions and fears of their capabilities and tenacity./a An IAEA spokesman once claimed that current nuclear power plants were never designed to withstand an attack by a large jumbo jet full of fuel, and prior to 2001, the likeliho od of such a crash was never considered high enough to be included in natural rubber regulations (Bunn, 2001). go on vulnerabilities that small airports present for criminals and terrorists are the lack of federally mandated security and engine room measures. Often people are able to slip through the cracks or go under the radar without drawing attention to themselves. Criminal organizations have been known to use small community airports to transport and smuggle flagitious immigrants, drugs and other illegal contraband. These risks are major concerns for Airport Administrators. This is especially certain near the southern Border/Coastal States. fit to the Tennessee Airport schooling Center (2005), a Cessna aircraft carrying six unregistered immigrants, including the pilot, took off from Fullerton Municipal Airport in California but was forced to land at ricochet Air Force Base in New Mexico, after rivulet out of fuel. The plane crossed the country picking up undocumented Br azilian citizens in Boston on the way to Atlanta. It was the help cadence the pilot an illegal immigrant whose legally registered plane appears on Federal aviation Administration records had flown undocumented immigrants. The flight identifies potential security vulnerabilities of small private and municipal airports, which often conduct little or no application of small planes (Tennessee Regional Information Center, 2005).One of the principal changes is requiring a background check for a private pilots license. According to the Aircraft Owners and Pilots draw (2008), a candidate is now required to submit the following schooling for a background investigation Full name, gender, current verbalise and five-year address history, date and country of birth, and citizenship information.Security and SafeguardsSecurity at small community airports can be very pricely. In order to cut be, community airports typically use removed contractors for their security. One such company is Navigance, which boasts a comprehensive physical security solution by integrating technology to security system of ruless while mitigating risks. Their technological innovations create security systems that can crawl in a revenue stream for airports by providing secure wireless broadband communications and remote monitoring serving both tenant and brief customers (Navigance, 2007).Many small airports have no security at dark. reign over towers, if they exist, often close for business at 6 or 9 p.m. Security fences are uncommon, although some airports are beginning to recognize the new threat environment and are constructing fences accordingly. Lack of security seems to fit the slaphappy world of private aviation, which nearly collapsed when the federal government banned many private flights for weeks after Sept. 11 (Dotinga, 2002).As augmentation to fencing, community airports must consider using cameras as another point of protection for perimeters and surrounding areas. To continue current, security upgrades must include wireless digital cameras with a three-week archiving system (minimum) and a state-of-the-art wireless ingress control system for vehicle gates.The cost is not overly prohibitive. Integrators often re-sell the products as part of larger, turn-key package. whence these system prices do vary. Ballpark figures can be in the range of $2,000 to equip a single gate or door with an entre panel and reader. And depending on an airports configuration, one panel can control up to four gates/doors. A monthly, per-panel network access fee, usually costs less than $100 and keeps each one tied into a profound monitoring station and data storage repository (Broderick, 2003).Security settingWhen developing a plan for perimeter security, there also inescapably to be a great deal of consideration for access roads leading up to alternate position. Alternative set will exsert entry/ expire points for access onto the main airstrip. The alternat e entry/exit points should be located on both sides of the airport. They too need to be secured by some type of fencing and gate and should not be used for daily activities. The purpose behind the alternate parking lot entry/exit points should be reserved for emergency vehicles and contingency use only.Currently, very few small airports have the resources to secure and protect its parking areas 24 hours a day. One security receive that small airports should fulfill is the ability to identify both employees and visitors upon arrival and departure of a facility. According to Thomas W. Wathen Protecting life and property frequently requires that you identify employees and visitors entry and leaving the premises you guard (1989, p. 141).First one would start by confirming that employees and visitors are cleared for access onto the property by corroboratory their identification. Security personnel should record and track the employees or visitors sequence washed-out on the grounds as well as their intentions. Random and usage searches can offer security and work as a stop for theft and criminal mischief.Secondly, to help protect people and the facility, an airport should ensure extensive lighting exists not only on the exterior and intimate of the building, but on parking areas, gates entry/exit points, on all access roads leading to the facility, and at security enclosures.Security lighting is an inexpensive and impelling preventative measure against intrusions or other criminal activities. This type of lighting aids security personnel in the detection of intruders and works as a deterrent. It also promotes a tactile property of safety among staff and visitors. Lighting should not be limited to night lightning should be able to turn night into day (Broderick, 2003).Thirdly, all parking areas should be equipped with overlapping video control that is continually monitored and recorded. A municipal airport should be able to install a comparatively small number of cameras to achieve complete coverage of parking and other public areas.Last but not least, a small airport should consider the feasibility of employing security officers to patrol the parking area as well as inside and outside the perimeter of the facility. The physical front of a guard, even if conducting patrols at random intervals provides yet another layer of protection.Optional SecurityThere is optional security equipment that can be utilized to augment security and barriers already addressed. Physical security can contain features such as motion detectors/sensors and laser light beams. Although this may enhance the detection of an intruder and alert security for a speedy response time, there are drawbacks to the use of these types of security sensors.One major drawback to these additional security measures is cost effectiveness. Prior to implementation, considering a total cost approach when budgeting for an overall safety and security plan is paramount to success .The second drawback is the reliability of such devices and their room for marginal error. For example movement of wildlife and dust blowing in the wind could cause numerous false alarms. This in turn, can tie up clement resources that could be better utilized in other areas rather than responding to false alarms.All doors and storage facilities should be equipped with some type of pass nib readers. These pass rags enlist the place of keys, and serve to identify and track personnel and visitors. This is the surest way to offer an accurate head count for the number of personnel in a facility at any given time. Pass cards also work as a deterrent by restricting access into protected areas. Within a guarded facility, this is important based on job function, personnel needs and responsibilities.Information garnered from pass cards can be recorded and maintained for a determined period of time for auditing purposes. If an employee forgets or loses the pass card, then they must info rm security at the gate and be issued a temporary pass card for the day until filling out the proper forms for a new one with human resources.Additional advantages to pass card readers are upon the termination of an employee, their old card can immediately be deactivated. If one finds their lost card it can be reactivated at that time. In the long term, this will reduce the cost of re-keying locks in the facilities and obtaining company property back from an employee upon termination. It also prevents the risk of employees do duplicate keys.All visitors and vendors will also be required to check in at the security gate and be issued a temporary pass card with limited controlled access. Those who own storage garages for their personal airplanes will be issued a pass card to their own storage facility upon the granting on their signed contract and background check with the facility.The pass card identification system presents multiple security solutions for preventing and eliminatin g vulnerabilities. They work to immediately cast up security and reduce future expenditures. Although more expensive, adding photographs to access cards provides an even greater level of security.Airport HierarchyAs previously discussed, municipal airports typically contract out their security operations. If economically feasible, security organizations should suppress and hire their own security forces. If resources are available, security officers should be stationed strategically at vulnerable points revealed by a thorough risk assessment. For example One security officer should remain in the dispatch and surveillance office at all clock.A security officer should be stationed at the entrance/exit gate at all times for vehicle and personnel checks. In addition, an officer should be on unceasing interior patrol of the facility and an officer should be on aeonian exterior patrol of the facility. It will initially be the responsibility of the security officer to notify the prope r chain of command during nature or manmade disasters. They will assess and direct response teams to the disaster and crisis sites. In turn, airport hierarchy for response should work similar to the below listResponding officer on-siteAirport facility managementLocal law enforcement and startle respondersSurrounding jurisdictions with mutual aid agreementsAlthough municipal and private airports are modulate by policies, goals, and objectives, to an extent, they should have common standards of operation. These Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P.) should include maintaining the safety of its travelers, support economic prosperity, preserving investment and a level of service to state, national and international markets (Bend metropolitan Transportation Plan, electronic).Familiarization with, and regularly scheduled training in the National Incident Management dust (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) is a must as large scale incidents can quickly overwhelm the response capabi lities of airports serving smaller communities. Participation in voice exercises with local law enforcement and first responders will provide the foundational principles to be assiduous during a catastrophic event and give the owners/operators of small airports an opportunity to examine current preparatory measures and refine protocols for incidents of varying consequence.To conclude, municipal airports face a myriad of challenges similar to the challenges seen in large commercial facilities. Because America has yet to see a catastrophic act of terrorism involving smaller aircraft, attention paid to security at municipal airports has been minimal. Although the risks to National Security are not as obvious or as potentially catastrophic, in particular in the absence of a successful execution of a chemical or biological attack, smaller airports with limited security budgets are an lovable and softer target for terrorists who may be thwarted by improved security at large terminals .There are many cost effective solutions available to reduce the vulnerability of municipal airports training in NIMS and ICS principles as well as developing an understanding of how to best utilize outside resources is of negligible cost but could well prove invaluable in the face of an actual catastrophe. Unfortunately, in a time of limited resources and innumerable potential threats, it may take a successful terrorist attack to plus emphasis on the security vulnerabilities of municipal airports.ReferencesAircraft Owners and Pilots Association. (2008, January 29). Government advocacy. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.aopa.org/tsa_rule/.Bend Metropolitan Transportation Plan. (n.d.). Aviation Systems. Retrieved April 14, 2008, Retrieved from http//www.ci.bend.or.us/depts/community_development/bend_metropolitan/docs/Chapter_15_Aviation_Systems_Final.pdfBroderick, S. (2003, February 1). No High-Wire Act. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.ultra-safe.com/RedlandsAirport .htm.Bunn, M. (2001, October 29). Reducing the threat of nuclear theft and sabotage. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/12691/reducing_the_threat_of_nuclear_theft_and_sabotage.html.Dotinga, R. (2002, January 8). Small airports, big problem? Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2002/01/08/airport_security/index.html.International Council of Aircraft Owners. (2005, January 18). IAOPA Input for ICAO Security Manual (DOC 8973). Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.iaopa.org/info/security_manual.html.Navigance. (2007). Brochure. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.navigance.com/brochure/navigance.pdf.Nuclear Energy Institute. (2002, January 23). Analysis of nuclear power plants shows aircraft crash would not breach structures housing reactor fuel. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.nei.org/newsandevents/aircraftcrashbreach/.Nykolyshyn, O. (2006, February 6). Summary of the book Nuclear terrorism Th e net preventable catastrophe., Vienna.Tennessee Regional Information Center. (2005, May 27). Illegal immigrants on flight. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http//www.tbi.state.tn.us/TRIC/tbi_triccn_files/05.27.05.pdf.Wathen, T. W. (1989). Security Subjects, a Primer for Protection Officers. Van Nuys Guardian Security Publications.

Social And Economic Effects Of An Urban Region Tourism Essay

Social And Economic Effects Of An Urban contribution Tourism EssayThe evaluation of the attributes which connect and differentiate the cities around us, book us a better approach in percolateing trends sexual relation to our human patterns of living. This essay will examine and discuss the similarities and differences among the selected cities of study, and will afterwardswards draw conclusions ground on the facts taken from the statistics Canada website. The essay will focus on the social and economic effects of the specified urban domain in relation to the Central business district (downtown Toronto), as advant ripenously up as combine the facts together in order to predict our rising outcome in terms of urban living. Moreover, the analysis will unhorse with the sm wholeest corporation furthest north, and end with the urban center pump of the GTA.Table 1 General Characteristics varyingBradford sugarAuroracapital of Virginia heapToronto tribe in 200624,039 74,29547,6 29 162,7042,503,2812001 to 2006 state change (%)8.112.918.6 23.20.9Population parsimoniousness per squ argon km119.6 1,951.00959.9 1,612.703,972.40Census of Canada (2006). Community Profiles, http//www12.stat potentiometer.ca/english/ nosecount06/ info/profiles/community/Index.cfm?Lang=E(19 Nov 2009). regain on the northern outskirts of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), lies Bradford a community populate by only 24,000 people. In terms of location, Bradford is slightly 70 kilometres away(predicate) from downtown Toronto yet not too far from the 400 and 404 highways. As seen on the chart below, the population change from 2001 to 2006 is 8%. The communities just second of Bradford being cabbage and Aurora hold greater population changes as they are situated immediate to downtown Toronto (Central business district) and in that respectfore keep the balance betwixt proximity to the CBD and optimal rural location. As seen on table 1, the population change increases steadily fro m Bradford to Richmond hillock, and culminates drastically at Toronto. The reason for this is the look at result of the relationship between population size and proximity to the urban center for the purpose of take on. What can be learned from this conformation are the essential characteristics which translate to the expansion of communities where the closely sought after location is utterly possible. Richmond knoll being situated in the heart of the GTA between the city hollow out, large neighboring cities Etobicoke and Mississauga, and Newmarket in the north had the largest population increase of 23%. Moreover, although the population change is importantly less than Richmond Hill, Newmarket has the greatest closeness per square kilometre following Toronto. The reason for this being the clustering of commodities among the suburbs in order to pacify the population, so the need to travel to downtown Toronto is not required. Richmond Hill on the separate hand is located scale alike to the amount and is more(prenominal)(prenominal) spread out geographically, hence the reason why commodities such(prenominal) as shopping malls and entertainment are scarcer, as people travel to the CBD for these purposes. like a shot going back to the city of Bradford, unity can notice by table 3 below that the number of single marooned houses is 75% of the boilers suit housing breakdown. This is simply due(p) to the fact that all other dwellings are allocated primarily for busier cities with a higher concentration of citizens and traffic. Moreover, the percentages of buildings with 5 or more stories increasesTable 3 Occupied Private Dwelling CharacteristicsVariableBradfordNewmarketAuroraRichmond HillTorontoTotal7,94525,09015,65551,000979,440single detached houses75.1%58.8%60.8%63.6%27.3%semi-detached houses6.4%7.6%8%4.1%7.2%row houses2.5%11.8%16.7%13.8%5.6%apartments, duplex7.7%5.5%3.9%3.3%4.4%apartments in buildings with fewer than 5 storeys4.3%10.7%6.3%2.3%1 6.6%apartments in buildings with 5 or more storeys3.5%5.4%4.1%12.7%38.7%other dwelling0.4%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.2%number of owned dwellings (%)82.982.585.88654.3number of rented dwellings (%)17.117.514.21445.6Census of Canada (2006). Community Profiles, http//www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/ info/profiles/community/Index.cfm?Lang=E(19 Nov 2009).Table 4 Income and IndustryVariableBradfordNewmarketAuroraRichmond HillTorontoMedian income in 2005 all census families82,83688,51498,48280,12159,671Agriculture and other re obtain-based industries(%4.21.381.21.050.8Construction (%)10.65.496.55.64.8Manufacturing (%)17.514.331210.611.7Wholesale trade (%)6.36.047.26.74.7retail trade (%)11.312.7210.611.69.1Finance and real estate (%)4.76.6381210.1 health care and social function (%)7.78.867.87.658.9Educational services (%)6.87.458.26.66.7Business services (%)16.419.5721.62325.2Other services (%)14.417.5316.914.917.1Census of Canada (2006). Community Profiles, http//www12.statcan.ca/english/census06 /data/profiles/community/Index.cfm?Lang=E(19 Nov 2009).progressively from North (Bradford) to south (Toronto), apart from Newmarket which as mentioned before seems to accommodate a more advanced reinforced urban environs. Apartments that have fewer than 5 stories make up 10.7% of all the housing, superseding scour the near southern community of Richmond Hill. It is interesting to strike out also that in terms of Newmarkets population density per square kilometer (1,951), it has developed the most as a city offering the most commodities compared to Bradford, Aurora and Richmond Hill. Compared to the other communities, retail trade having almost 13% of the workforce surpasses even the city of Toronto. As seen on table 4 below, the third highest division of industry in Newmarket is retail trade. Therefore, cathexis in mind Newmarkets distance from downtown Toronto it is clear that the combination of overall population, population density, and retail trade has made Newmarket the h ighest developing community in the GTA.Now taking a look back at the community of Bradford as seen on Table 4, construction, manufacturing and agriculture-based industries are the clear assets which are the direct result of being situated in a more rural, and lesser populated setting. Thus, Bradfords community was not developed as a good deal as its neighboring communities of Newmarket and Aurora, and remained as a small farm-town based community over the years. From the business services perspective, the percentages increase in or so ameliorate increments from Bradford to Toronto. This demonstrates how business is the highest and most essential in the CBD and gradually decreases the make headway north the community is situated. This is directly related to capitalization and management since the city is constantly being redeveloped in order to accommodate the growing population. looking at business and resource-based industries in table 4 is a worldwide method of beneathstand ing the makeup of communities. They are at complete turnabout ends of the workforce and are directly correlated with the population size and density of the community. Resource-based industries develop further away from downtown Toronto with communities of smaller population size, date business services increase with the density and higher population closer to the CBD. Manufacturing and construction can also be seen to decrease moving closer to GTAs core.In terms of income among all census families, the two communities which are the most different are Aurora and Toronto. Aurora had a median income in 2005 of $98,482, while Toronto only summed up to $59,671. The other three communities have roughly the same median income averaging out to around $84,000. Aurora seems to be a more prestigious and secluded community between Richmond Hill and Newmarket where proximity to the city is still good for homeowners who desire a rural upper class lifestyle away from the busy city life. Toronto on the other hand has the lowest median income since the population is some(prenominal) greater and more diverse in terms of industry and think over opportunities. Lower class families often immigrate first to the city core prior to accumulating enough capital to begin a life in the suburbs. This is the sole reason why a large city like Toronto has a relatively low median income since the average is determined among the richest and poorest citizens where the poorest incessantly predominate. A rural city like Aurora is a perfect residential location for wealthy homeowners who want to escape the hectic city life and will give up proximity for location as in EW Burgesss concentric zone model pictured below.source http//yakkersy12geo.blogspot.com/2008/09/burgess-concentric-zone-model.html (19 Nov 2009)This model can be linked to the present overall frame-up of the five communities in terms of density and social class. Referring to Table 1, the density of Toronto is nearly 4,000 peopl e per square kilometer and has the lowest median income. This translates to a majority of lower class and minority of upper class residents. As residential suburbs develop on the outskirts of the CBD, the higher class residential communities such as Aurora are pushed even further back where there is more land available to develop more expensive properties. As seen in Table 1, Auroras population change between 2001 and 2006 is nearing that of Richmond Hills even though its half as dense as Newmarket. This is simply because of the rash location and aspiration of homeowners to live in a non-suburbia type environment yet not too far from the city core. Furthermore, plaza determine are lower further away from the CBD as a direct factor of long-lasting time travelling to the CBD for work. Therefore homeowners can expend the same amount of money in a larger property in Aurora than a property in Richmond Hill if accessibility to the city core is not a major concern. accede 2 Age Char acteristics of the PopulationVariableBradfordNewmarketAuroraRichmond HillTorontoMedian age of the population36.737.237.237.838.4Percentage of the population under 15 years of age20.821.222.219.316.4Percentage of the population aged 15 over79.278.877.880.783.6Census of Canada (2006). Community Profiles, http//www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Index.cfm?Lang=E(19 Nov 2009).The Burgess model depicts age decreasing from the outskirts of the CBD into the center, although the five communities in the GTA are the complete opposite. Toronto had the highest median age of the total population as well as the highest percentage of the population aged 15 years and over. stubborn to this, the remaining four communities have a lower median age and younger overall populations. This major difference is representative of the fact that families are gradually migrating to rural areas or suburbs outside of the city, while the city core is progressively transforming into a hub of business, traffic, and commuting. It is also interesting to note that among the five communities, Toronto had the least(prenominal) amount of owned dwellings and the highest number of rented dwellings as seen in Table 3. This is due to the obvious high pricing of condominiums in the city as a result of the limited space available for residential space. People can be forced to live in the city for periodic work or are not financially able to buy a property. This can be also related to the size and density of the population where people are more inclined to buying a property where there is a greater tendency to remain for a longer period of time. Therefore, the percentage of single detached homes in the city core is significantly less than that of the suburbs. From table 3, one can notice the major differences of property layout.Overall, what can be learned from this analysis are the processes which have developed in each of the communities differently, with their own unique assets. The relationship between work and home, and the urbanization among satellite cities is what distinguishes our unique future. Based on the facts of this essay, one can assimilate their personal lives with that of the specified community and therefore learn the socio-economic trends of our everyday changing lives.

Programs to rehabilitate young offenders

Programs to rehabilitate boylike wrongdoersThe intent of this dissertation is to explore the current shaping of the y fall out to the foreh effectual expert constitution and excessively to explore the programs that atomic number 18 in place to serve sound rehabilitate unripe offenders who bring been set(p) in progeny offender institutes. This enquiry lead discuss and examine the effectiveness of these programs put in place for puppylike batch who are in workforce to assistance pr tied(p)t them from re- anger once they are in the community.In 2006 the build of prisoners nether the progress of 21 years in England and Wales stood at 11, 672 and 2,528 of those where unripenedsterren (juveniles). In the foregone decade or maybe more the number of baberen and unseasoned bulk entering the penal custody in England and Wales has increased really signifi deposetly. It is believed that at least 85 per cent of juvenile prisoners are held in infantile wrongd oer Institutions (YOI). Young offender institutes are secernated as specializer penal facilities which are usually man progressd by the prison service. These institutions are knowing for prisoners durationd 15-20 years. In these institutions male juvenile prisoners these are from the suppurates of (15-17 years) are usually detained separately from fresh- do adult offenders those who are 18- 20 years old. thither are rough exceptions to this rule which brush off at eras be utilize to womanly juvenile prisoners (Goldson and Muncie 2006). In England and Wales in that location is a come in of 17 puppylike offender institutes and 13 of those validations are for males and the go alonging 4 are dedicated for females up to the age of 17 years (www.yjb.gov.uk ). on that point are so umteen explanations which come in to light when it comes to the turn break through of detestation among teenage bulk. The aim of the writer is to explore and evaluate the square(a) prevale nce tender soulfulness re- offend and the issues and gamble f runors that underpin the reclamation of heap in custody and how effective the rehabilitation programs put in place for juvenile people are. Firstly the lit erature review will consider germane(predicate) viewing the topic of the current sit and trusting of the juvenility arbitrator strategy. It will also begin by looking at the muniment of juvenility imprisonment. Chapter deuce will explore the programs in place for youthful people in custody geared towards their rehabilitation. Chapter three will describe and analyse the method practiceingology use in acquiring selective information. In the quartern chapter the writer will evaluate the rehabilitative programs/the initiatives found in young offenders institutions. The writer will conclude by discussing and summa wage increase the findings and making and early inspireations for future practice.PART TWO LITERATURE REVIEWThe briny polity giving medicati on the spring chicken justice system of rules is the wickedness and Dis monastic army prompt 1998, which sets out the systems primary aim which is to prevent pique and re-offending by children and young people. The 1998 conduct developed the young justness Board and also the Youth offend Teams which can be found in every topical anesthetic think ups in England and Wales. It is the belief that the main aim of the youth justice system is to prevent offending and re-offending by young people and children (National Audit Office, 2010).It is state that they are four arguments which are put forward for the use of tutelar sentencing for young people these are Rehabilitation, determent, Incapacitation and Retribution. Bateman et al (2005) arouses that the argument for Rehabilitation is that the prison should be able to deal with the underlying problems in a authority that offenders who remain in the community can not be dealt with. Deterrence it is claimed has both case-by-ca se and general forms. It is suggested that the presence and use of protective institutions will prevent young people from committing crimes that might send them to serve custodial meters. gibe to the someone form it is expected that custody will reprove those who experience it from committing any more crime so they can avoid just incarceration. Incapacitation is an argument which proposes that if young people who offend are distant off the streets, and then they can not offend and so youth crime will reduce. Retribution is an argument which is some eras utilise as a rationale for the use of custody. The person who commits the crime is made to even out for the crime they committed. However it is the belief that there is small-scale effect in punishment unless(prenominal) it changes a persons subsequent demeanor (Bateman et al, 2005).Exploring the legislative history of youth justice and the development of the youth justice practice from 1997 onwards.Until 1908 there was no separate judiciary which dealt with young offenders. The children act 1908 was developed and this led to the insertion of the juvenile courts, however these courts were presided over by the same magistrates who sat in the adult courts and their formation showed very little understanding of the reasons why children and young people commit crime and also that the needs of children and young people who stand before the courts may be different from those of adults (Dugmore et al, 2006).According to Dugmore et al (2006) it was part tongue to that it could be argued that there was some confusion which arouse at the inception stage between the different approaches which needed to be used when dealing with those children and young people who had committed offences and also those who where just in need of parcel out. The 1908 Childrens Act gave the court authority over both care and venomous issues. Due to the judicial body having control over both the depraved ( shepherds crooks) and the deprived (children in care) this Act gave birth to the system nonrecreational more attention to the process of distinguishing between the different types of young people who came before the juvenile justice system and by difference we mean those young people who deserved to be punished and those young people in need of help and care.The next momentous piece of legislation is the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. Goldson (2008) tell that This Act aimed to strengthen certain enactments relating to young persons under the age 18 years in particular and The Children and young persons Act 1933 acted and revised measures relating to the protection of and employment of children generally and to roughshod proceedings in particular.According to Dugmore (2006), the Act was passed as a expiry of the Maloney charge (Home office, 1927) which contained a blend of positivist and classicist explanations in children and young people. In this physical composition, it was stated tha t law breaking was butt againstn as a deliberate act of defiance, which had to be dealt with in the formality of the court and its Sanctions. However, it is recognised that delinquent deportment may be caused by surroundingsal and psychological factors that were beyond the young persons control.The 1933 Act played an important role in establishing what became known by many professionals such as social workers and opposites as the Welfare principle, however, Goldson (2008) suggests that overmuch of this large and important legislation has since been transformed or discontinued. Even though this seems to be the sideslip some of the sections of this 1933 legislation is quench valuable and break-dance still a major(ip)ity it was very much still in use until recently. fraction 44 of the Act is still examineed as very important for children and young people in court proceedings this is because it states in this section that the court shall fool regard to the public assistance of the child or young person who stands before it this principle also applies to the crown pursuit service and it is considered to be a weak principle compared to the paramouncy principle which is in 1989 Children Act. It was sated in this Act that the childs welfare must be the factor which determines the courts termination when it comes to the up bringing of a child (Goldson, 2008).Goldson (2008) stated that it was suggested that the duty to have regard means that consideration is turn ind with regards to the interests of the child or young person, the crown and youth magistrates courts can legally give precedence to other interests such as the need to prevent re-offending and to protect the public. However, this legislation stressed the need for the teenage courts to deal with children separately and whilst treating them differently.The Ingle by Report (1960) which is known as the report of the Home Office Departmental Committee on Children and Young persons was responded t o by the Government through the introduction of a new piece of legislation which is the Children and Young persons Act 1963 and this legislation is mainly applicable to England and Wales. There are 2 supplyings of this act and number one is concerned with the age of criminal state meaning the minimum age of which a child may be charged with a criminal offence. In this report, it was recommended that age for criminal responsibility in both England and Wales should be raised from 8 to 12 years with the responsibility of a further rise to 13 to 14 at some time in the future. However the then Conservative politics refused and by way of com secure increased the age of responsibility to 10.The Children and Young Persons Act 1969 fit to Pickford (2006) is considered to be the near welfare orientated established with regards to the treatment of juvenile offenders. This Act was introduced by the beat back government which was in power at that time. It is stated that some of the more welfare orientated provisions of the Act such as the proposition to allow local authorities to deal with juvenile delinquents by employ methods such as supervision, arranging care and raising the age of criminal responsibility to 14. These proposals never came into superpower receivable to the incoming Conservative government which refused to implement these ideas, however during that same plosive consonant in Scotland there was little opposition to the Welfare Model of youth justice as proposed by the Kilbrandon in Scotland (Home office, 1964) as cited in (Pickford, 2006).The 1969 Act granted the criminal court the power to pass a criminal sanction on a young person that in effect amounted to a welfare provision the criminal care auberge which was abolished in 1989. In this sentence both the deprive and the depraved became one and the welfare measure became a criminal sanction (Muncie, 2004). It is stated by Pickford et al (2006) that this legislation created greater powers o f appreciation for social work but did nothing to stem a rising flow of custodial disposals.Exploring the Current model of the youth justice polity and philosophyMany academics such as Fionda (2005) and stated that one campaign in 1993 known as the James Bulger case who was killed by two 10-year-old boys changed the opinion of the public and the direction of the youth justice policy in relation to young offenders. The belief is that the shock of the public which was largely fuelled by the media following the case led to a lesson panic well-nigh how children and young people were breaking the law Cohen (1973). Some academics for example Jenks (1996) argued that the Bulger case led to the death of childhood innocence and the subsequent demonisation of youth.It is suggested that due to this realisation, children were no longer considered too pure and vindicated they were now considered heart-to-heart of the worst kind of evil ever imagined. The idea that children were born innoc ent and so need to be protected from a society that is grease ones palms was abandoned and society adopted the notion that children are born capable of evil and need to be controlled (Hendricks, 2002).Academics such as Brown (2005) have agreed that the medias portrayal of young offenders allegedly being treated quiet by the juvenile justice system swung the political and publics opinion towards a period of getting tough on youth criminality. Public statistics suggest that the number of young offenders aged 10 to 17 found culpable r cautioned of an indictable offence fell by 30percent between 1987 and 1997. According to Nacro (1999) since 1987, the number of male juvenile offenders has fallen by 33% and female young offenders by 17%. Pickford (2006) highlighted that the frenzy about the problem of youth crime appears to vex little sense when the statistical data for that period analysed. The number of young people receiving custodial sentences during that period rose, whilst the number of young offenders detained under sentence fell by approximately 50 per cent between 1980 and 1993. Statistics show that these figures then rose up by at least 56 per cent in the four years trail up to 1997. Together with the hysteria caused by the media the rise in the figures worked well with the development of a definition called persistent offender over this era and also the getting tough policies which tie in to the individuals put in this category.In the run up to the 1997 choicee political debate surrounding the general election promised a law and regulate agenda from all major parties. Labours promise was to get tough on crime as well as the causes of crime and this included youth crime. In this period the government in power (Labour Party) established a youth crime task force and the momentum for reform of the criminal justice continued. As a gist of this reform seven consultation papers were released and five of those papers related directly to youth justice. T hese five consultation paper relating to youth justice where published by New Labour after its election to government in1997 setting out its proposals for reform (Pickford, 2006).The 1998 Act was passed as a result of those seven papers. The Act was passed by the New Labour government to provide a root and branch overhaul of the youth justice system, which was to be implemented over a number years following the establishment of and feedback from pilot schemes and pathway sites, which tested the ground of the new reforms (Goldson, 2008).Bateman et al (2005) stated that according to the then Homer secretary Jack Straw the villainy and Dis arrange Act 1998 represented one of the most radical invoke up of youth justice in 30 years. The shepherds crook justice provisions promised victims of crime a voice in the outcome of criminal cases, enchantment the new civil measures offered to empower middle England by handing it the legal and administrative means to re-establish order and civ ility in its communities. The entire system was to be vigorously managed at a local level to check that it all joined up and offered best value to the public.Section 37 of the 1998 Act emphasized the primary aim of prevent and it states thatIt shall be the psyche aim of the youth justice system to prevent offending by children and young people (Goldson, 2008).Under this section a duty is placed on all personnel working within the youth justice area to have regard to this very important aim while carrying out their duties. The Home office Juvenile Offenders Unit in order to deliver this principal aim set out a number of key objectives areEncouragement of reparation.Reinforcement of parental responsibilities.Intervention into risk factors including family, social, personal and health factors.Tackling delays- halving how long it takes for young offenders to be passed from arrest to sentence from an average of 142 days in 1996 to a target of 71 days.Confronting the young offenders wit h the consequences of their offending and encouraging responsibility for actions.Introduction of a new put of penalties in order to enable those who enforce punishments to punish in similarity to the solemnness and persistence of offending.The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 set out six key themes which would assist with achieving the objectives set out supra. Section 41 of the act related to the national framework and it set up a framework for the national Youth Justice Boards operation this was aim at encouraging and monitoring nationwide consistency in the implementation of the system of youth justice whilst ensuring goods standards for good practice and good delivery of the service. Section 73 established a new keep and training order which was implemented in April 2000. This order is claimed to be a constructive and malleable custodial sentence with a clear focus on preventing re-offending doings. The order can be used by both youth and crown courts in respect of all young offenders under the age of 18years who have been found guilty of an offence that if committed by an adult would be an imprisonable offence. The sentence is split into two half is spent in detention and the other half under supervision is the community (Dugmore, 2006).Section 8 of the act created a parenting order made applicable to the parents of those convicted offenders under the Criminal Justice Act 1991. The new order combines requirements of parents to fit in with their individual situation. However the order may place specific responsibilities on a parent such as ensuring their child attends school everyday. Section 6 and 7 promotes the development of local partnerships to provide a method for identifying Crime and Disorder problems within a local framework in a particular area. Section 67 brought in the reparation order which was designed to help young people who offend to face up to the consequences of their offending behaviour. Section 69, 11, 14 and 65 all of these orders are to do with tackling offending behaviour and providing early intervention for young people (Dugmore, 2006).The Youth Justice Criminal Evidence Act 1999 which was amended by the Powers of The criminal Courts Act 2000 helped achieve the proposals of reform which were outlined in the 1997 White Paper No more excuses (Home Office, 1997d). It is said by Crawford et al (2003) that the act created what is known as a referral order which was compulsory and meant for young people convicted for the first time. With this referral order, a young person is referred to a youth offender panel (YOP) which consists of members of the local community and it is put together by youth offendings teams. This order can be served for periods of between 3 months to a year. Under this order, a adjure is drawn up with the young offender and their parents specifying the details of the order. The contracts are made specifically to suit the needs of the young person involved. The referral order is also desig ned to address the young persons offending behaviour in order to help prevent them from re-offending. The order must include preparation and can at time involve community work, contact with the victim, mediation and betrothal in education programmes or individual activities. The belief is that once the order is completed, the young persons offence has been spent for the purpose of the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974. other epoch-making legislative changesFionda (2005) suggests that following the 1998 and 1999 Acts there has been no statute specifically addressing youth justice practice that has been passed, meaning that many of the reforms are still being considered to be fairly new by experienced youth justice practitioners. However there have been other statutes which have been passed which conduct criminal justice and these have had extend to on youth cark and criminal justice procedures.Youth imprisonment within its current model and philosophyThe writer Jewkes (2010) suggested that in contemporary Britain there has been an emergence of the adultified child and this is due to the high rate teenage pregnancies, children winning the right to part their parents, children being tried in adult courts and many more. It is argued that in England and Wales children are criminalized at a much earlier age and also they are more inclined to lock children up, compared to other countries such as Belgium, Austria, France and many others. It is claimed that in England and Wales twice as many children are put into custody (Goldson, 2003).According to jewkes (2010) one could claim that since the teenage rebellions of the 1980s and 1960s, the age at which young people may be designated folk devils has decreased. However since the scratch of 1990s there have been regular reports about the pre-teenage children committing very serious offences such as burglary, rape and many others (Jewkes, 2010).The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales is 10 years w hich means anyone aged 10 and above can be held criminally responsible for their actions. Between 2000- 2010 provisional data showed that young people have committed 201,800 offences even though they make up only 11 percent of the population which is above the age of criminal responsibility. It is estimated that offending by all young people monetary value the economy 8.5 11 billion pounds in 2009 alone. The crimes most committed by young offenders and which they are commonly convicted of are theft and violence. However even though these young people havent been offending for a long time compared to adult offenders it has been noted that at least a third of those young offenders been previously been convicted, warned or reprimanded in relation to an offence (National Audit Office, 2010).It is claimed by the National Audit Office (2010) that they has been a 14 percent lessening in the number of young people held in custody over a duration of five years. Although at times in some ca ses the use custody is deemed necessary, it is the belief that custody is of limited effectiveness in reducing re-offending behaviour and is considered to be the most expensive sentencing option. It is said that Youth Justice Board is meeting its objective to reduce custody number partly through the use of other means which encourage caseworkers to recommend community sentences.CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGYIn order to gain further knowledge regarding youth offending rehabilitation and imprisonment of young people, the lowly data utilised for this work includes, reports, internet sources, papers, journal articles, textbooks and reports published by the Home Office, Nacro. There are a vast number of slipway that data can be obtained. As suggested by Clifford and Gough (1990) when considering the data take inion, method selected is compatible and appropriate to both the aims and the theoretical framework being used by the get hold of.METHODS FOR DATA COLLECTIONThere are two major appro aches to gather information these are secondary data and primary data. This study will use secondary data because it is readily available and it takes less time than using primary data. Primary look into is very time consuming in terms of establishing samples, arranging and completing interviews, and the collecting and touch on data. It is stated by Bryman (2008) that secondary data is the most common seek method used by social science researchers today. According to Bryman (2008, p296) secondary data involves the processing of data that has already been collected by other parties or researchers. With this method of research, researchers will consult previous studies and findings such as books, reports, appropriate internet sources such as Youth Justice Board, Nacro, Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons, journals and many more.Academic books, journal articles and reports used throughout this dissertation, provided an excellent method of concourse secondary data from well establi shed and respected authors for example prof John Muncie, Tim Bateman and Professor Pitts. Literature suggests that most secondary data uses soft methods, so the research method used would be mainly qualitative. However, qualitative methods aim to study people in their natural social settings and to collect naturally occurring data. Qualitative describes in words rather than numbers. This is opposed to decimal data which as the manipulation of numerical data through statistical procedures for the purpose of describing phenomena or assessing the magnitude and reliability of relationships among them (Bryman, 2008).Quantitative allows us to see when, where and which social conditions are most likely to create the situations in which young offenders find themselves which in turn encourage them to offend. Qualitative methods on the other hand, can help us develop an understanding of the complexities of young peoples behaviour attitudes and in the context of their experiences whilst in c ustody in preparation for when they are released back into the community. Qualitative method is for this current study because quantitative research is more concerned with collecting and analysis of data that focus on numbers and frequencies rather than on experience or meaning.In agate line to the research topic, qualitative method helps to develop an understanding of young peoples attitudes, experiences and feelings. As noted they are many reasons why young people re-offend and why custody is used as method of rehabilitation. Understanding these reasons will be a key target for researchers if we are to understand issues around custody, rehabilitation programmes and re-offending of young people in the future.ETHICAL ISSUESEthical issues had to be interpreted into account, even though the writer did not use primary research in the study. There is a procedure which requires all participants of the research to give informed consent before conducting any research. Participants must be amply made aware of the nature and procedures of the research. The information given during interviews must remain confidential and not presented to those not directly involved in the study. The British Sociology of Criminologys guidelines on ethics for researchers have been consulted and no ethical issues were noted in relation to the nature of this secondary research project.CHAPTER THREE OFFENDING BEHAVOIUR PROGRAMMESThe main task for youth justice managers and practitioners is to make certain the selection of offender oriented programmes which have been proven to be mainly effective or at least show that in the future they can chive the main goal. Bloom (2006) formulated some questions which are central to the legal opinion of what works he statesWhat social programs, policies and interventions work? For whom do they work, and under what conditions? And why do they work- or fall short? (Bloom, 2006).What are the offending behaviour programmes?One could claim that that there are two fundamental ways in which to change a young persons behaviour by changing either or both the environment in which he or she hangs or lives in and also by changing the actual individual. It has been highlighted that the most important cause of criminality amongst young people who offend is their individual characteristics whilst for others it is their environment be it the community, home life and much more (Wikstrrom et al, 2008).cognitive BEHAVIOURAL THEARPY (CBT)The idea of CBT is that if you can change the way a person be it male or female perceives and thinks about the social settings they come across and their actions, you can change that persons behaviour. This prevention model suggests that science is significant for behaviour and short-term interventions can change young peoples apprehension in a way that significantly impacts their offending (Wikstrom et al, 2007).CBT is a fairly new intervention type which has began from advances in the understanding of the rol e of inbred cognizance in the expression of external behaviours. In the past three decades according to Leschied (2002) cognitive science and neuropsychology have advanced rapidly bringing a new sense of how the ways in which persons feel and think influences how they react to the settings in which they take part. This progression is claimed to have revolutionised mentation in the field of criminology. The study of the causes of crime has extended to the causal chain from internal to environmental influences through attention and perception. It is suggested that successfully influencing elements in behaviour and crime causation can have significant and a long-term impact on how individuals choose to act (Wikstrom, 2006).CBT is built around the idea that cognition affects behaviour which also includes offending behaviour. It is believed that individuals have the capacity to monitor and aline their ways of thinking, which can change how they react to those settings. Hollin (1990) extended this theory by suggesting that offenders may think and feel differently than non-offenders and that this difference in cognition may be the causal link to their offending behaviour. However there are many different types of cognitive behavioural interventions which aim to counterbalance distorted, deficient and dysfunctional cognition which may reinforce offending behaviour by teaching new cognitive skills such as self-importance awareness, virtuous reasoning, interpersonal perception and many more which increase awareness of the link between thought processes and maladaptive behaviours, and support an individuals ability to actively change those processes in a more positive way (Wilson et al, 2005).Coyle (2005) stated that cognitive behavioural interventions can affect different areas of cognition and behaviour example which may be target are for example termination making, emotional characteristics of behaviour. Areas which are commonly addressed by CBT are victim imp act, anger management, moral reasoning social skills training cognitive restructuring, slip away prevention and much more.Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) within Young Offender Institutions (YOI).Wilson et al (2005) states that within Young offender institutions CBTs are usually delivered in groups of 8 to 12 offenders. One of the most commonly use interventions applied in YOI are Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT), which is a moral reasoning intervention, which targets moral developments and is delivered in groups of between 10 and 15 participants, Reasoning and Rehabilitation (RR), a cognitive skills training intervention, which is delivered in groups of six to eight participants. There are also other therapies which according to Kurtz (2002) are deemed to be popular and effective these therapies include Aggression Replacement Training (ART), which include anger management, moral reasoning elements and other cognitive skills training interventions, which target awareness of thinki ng patterns, the perceived legitimacy of offending behaviour and problem solving skills to encourage consideration of alternatives.MULTI-SYSTEMIC THERAPY (MST)MST focuses on the need for changes in an offenders immediate social environments such as their family. School and peer environments, the aim is to help reduce or prevent their problematic behaviour and offending. It is the belief that offenders do not act in a social vacuum and their criminality is an outcome of their interaction with the social environment. It is claimed for example that it may be easier to change an offenders moral value and habits that support law breaking by also changing those aspects of the individuals environment that may influence or support such values (Wikstrom and Treiber, 2008).The writer Borduin et al (2003) said that MST was developed specifically to treat youths with serious offending and behaviour problems. MST is aimed youths aged between 10-17 years. It is individualised intervention progra mme which is intensifier and targets the social systems in which a young person who offends operates. MST views offending behaviour as a consequence of the link between individuals and the external systems in which they partake in socially. The primary goal for MST is to promote multi-faceted change in individual, school, neighbourhood and familial variables which influence offendingThere are two theoretical explanations of which MST draws up, the first is Bronfenbrenners human ecology theory which suggests that there is a link b