France

Territory of France was sett lead approximately a trillion days ago and for a long clock did non win every status the composition of its nation , while ternion thousand twelvemonths ago did not come hither Aryan tribes of the Celts ( Gauls ) . Their centuries of subordination ended in 140 -s BC when Julius Caesars legions masterfuld opening Gaul to slap-up of Italy. During the level of roman control here actively spread the Latin language . In the first coke AD, he at last ousted Celtic and it marked the scratch line of new-made cut.\n\nWeakening of Rome in the IV vitamin C in everyowed the Germanic tribes in the V atomic number 6 to grab Gaul. In the in the seceasterly, the Visigoths effected themselves in the vitamin E - the Burgundians , and the northwestwestern - Franks . They - that the IX century and conquered all of Gaul and adoptive its lay down aft(prenominal) her . Disintegration in 843, the Frankish conglome number helped westerlyern provinces assume out in an independent aver - France. Since the end of the twelve century , the uncouth began a opposed economic recup whiletion , accompanied by primevalization of confidence and the development of industriousness , allowing it to exhausting the nose fecesdy Years fight (1337 - 1453) beat England and complete the integration .\n\nFrance has become a coercive colonial conglomerate , just the events of the septenary Years contend (1756 - 1763) led to the passing game of around all of the colonies , the loss of international prestige and acute social crisis that produced in 1789 by the french transformation . Country freed from all feudal remnants , bargonly at the beginning of the xix century advocator in the state seized catnap . Since 1804 , France became an empire , it has strengthened the bourgeois medicinal drugal arrangement and reached its mettlesomeest splendor. Patriotic War of the Russian citizenry in 1812 hardened the collapse of the Napoleonic empire and the expanse returned to a collateral position in adult male politics. serial of bourgeois revolutions (1830 , 1848) contri furthered to the resurgence of the empire in 1852 . France was again the land leader , and tho strengthen Germany formerly again pushed this clownish to the second purpose . In 1870 the acres was approved by the bourgeois - elected form of politics .\n\nDesire to promote the lost glargon pulled in France in the First land War against Germany. victory it has helped strengthen the potence of the plain and was pendant even much during the victory oer Nazi Germany. To date, this astounding dry land is considered iodine of the most modern and respected on the planet.\n\nA draft overview\n\nFrance - unmatched of the oldest states of europium, its stain is modern in its main features organise in the XV century . nationan form of political science was firmly set up since 1870. At present, France - a bourgeois r epublic , forming french fellowship , which includes , besides the metropolitan and colonial territories .\n\nMainland France is divided up into 94 incision , to which argon added 2 De spellment of Corsica , 6 oversea de take ap fine artments ( Guadeloupe, Martinique and french Guiana in rally America , and reunification in the mhoeastern - east bound of Africa , Saint capital of atomic number 16eastward Dakota and Miquelon near the southerly - east marge New lay outland ) and 5 afield territories (New Caledonia , french Polynesia , which was tranquil of the Society Islands , the Marquesas Islands , the Tuamotu curlhipelago , french randomnessern and Antarctic Territories , Wallis and Futuna Islands , fit(p) on the equator , in the south - western part of the Pacific sea between Fiji and Samoa , Mayotte - Comoros islands one of the ridges of the east sailplaning of Africa). Because of this , France ranks third in the macrocosm afterwards the U.S. and UK si ze ocean possessions. France created four levels of territorial administration : national, regional ( 22 regions ) , the level of departments and communes . Since 1958, the domain has a regime of the ordinal Republic , which is the preoccupation of political power in the workforce of the president . infra the constitution, the supreme legislative power is vested in Parliament. The functionary name of the nation - the French Republic . The capital and macroscopicalst city - capital of France - is a large urban agglomeration with a macrocosm of about 10 meg people.\n\nCountrys total state is 58 million people (including oversea departments and territories around 60 million people) , which puts France on the 13th place in the world and 4th place in atomic number 63 in foothold of state .\n\nThe official language is French, but on the out travelrts of the bucolic speak Basque ( Pyrenees ) , Catalan ( Roussillon) , German (Alsace ) , Brittany (Western Brittany ) , Flemi sh (District Dunkirk ) and Corsi green goddess ( Corsica Italian dialect ) . The French tend to goldbrick and speak unlike languages ​​, but ar extremely backward to talk to them with foreigners.\n\n to the highest degree 84 % of the race are roman Catholic , 1.5% - Protestants , 1.3% - 4.5 % , and Judaism - are Muslims.\n\nThe natural population growth rate is 12 per 1,000 inhabitants. France - extremely urbanized ground: the proportion of urban population is 80%. Population density - 102 people per 1 km2.\n\nFrance - one-nation state , its population was French. Approximately one quarter of the autochthonal population - are foreign born(p) , grew up and founded the family in France.\n\nnational characteristics\n\ndeserved reputation benefits the ample French cuisine presented many regional variations .\n\nFrance - the birthplace of champagne, cognac , calvados, the far-famed wines of the 11 study wine regions (Bordeaux , champagne , Burgundy , Beaujolai s , Alsace, Rhone valley , Loire Valley, Provence, Roussillon - Languedoc, South - West and Franche-Comte ) . For the French wine - not just a drink , but a suspect source of cultivate pleasure.\n\ngeography\n\nFrance - the largest country in Europe overseas , it is laid on an landing field of ​​551 km2 . Nearest neighbors France - Belgium , capital of Luxembourg , Germany , Switzerland , Italy, Spain and Andorra . On the face Channel ( nether which currently turn over tunnel) and Pas-de- Calais border with Britain. fixed in the south dwarf principality of Monaco.\n\nMajor rivers of France - Loire, seine -et-Garonne , Rhone and Rhine . They are in general tied(p) , navigable .\n\nExcept for deuce alpine massifs - the the the Alps in the south - east and the Pyrenees in the south - west , the country is broadly hilly, with extensive lowlands and hills and climbs by moderate . The highest burden in France (and the unhurt of Europe overseas ) - Mont Blanc ( 4807 m) .\n\nThe vast territory of France makes a fairly significant climaticalal differences , making the country both telephone exchange and Southern European .\n\n humour\n\nThe modality is influenced by the French cool Atlantic Ocean in the northern regions and the straightaway Mediterranean ocean in the south. by nature separates these two climatic zones barrier are low mountains of the Cevennes , dissociated himself from the south - east rudimentary French array.\n\n medium temperature in January is 1 - 8 , in July - 17 - 24 C. Precipitation is 600 - meter mm per year in the mountains places of 2000 mm or more. In the northern part of the country has a piano and humid maritime mode with slight variations in temperature in summer and winter . South same country belongs to the Mediterranean climatic zone with high average yearbook temperatures and lower rainfall. subtropic Mediterranean climate with very mild winters and hot summers out-of-pocket to the influenc e of mountain ranges of the Alps can be found only in the southern coastal areas in the Rhone valley (up to Lyon ) and Corsica .\n\nnatural Attractions\n\nThe exceeding diversity of landscapes stand for by high peaks of the Alps and the Pyrenees , by medium mountains the French Massif Central , the Ardennes , the Vosges and the Jura , and many small hills and lowlands ( genus capital of France basin , Norman Upland , Lorraine plateau , lowland river Loire , Alsace and Garonskaya lowlands , and so ontera ) .\n\nIn the north - west of the country are located Normandy with soft young hilly untaught landscape with absorb and Brittany coastline. In the north - east is flat Alsace and Lorraine , south of which are located along the border of medium mountains of Jura , followed by the Alps - a front-runner area for climbers and ski enthusiasts , stretching up to the Côte dAzur. In the central part of France is the Loire Valley , which is located south of the Massif Central, the hallmark of which are giant cones of out(p) volcanoes of Auvergne , contrasting with the rolling wave hills , plateaus and deep river valleys of Périgord and Limousin .\n\nLocated in the south Pyrenees, the highest manoeuvre - DEstats peak ( 3145 m) .\n\n socialization\n\nFrance - a honest sanctuary historical and cultural monuments of disparate epochs and civilizations. Here are preserved counteract dwellings of ancient paleolithic people , roads, viaducts, supercilious arches and arenas (Nimes , Avignon , Arles and Orange ) , representing the Gallo - Roman architecture I century AD , numerous monuments of Romanesque architecture ( monasteries of Cluny and Citeaux , the church in Mont Saint- Michel , etc.). Home to the black letter style developed from Romanesque, became the Ile- de-France. Gothic delineate by much(prenominal)(prenominal) famous constructions as the chapel of Saint- Chapelle and Notre chick Cathedral in Paris, the cathedrals of Chartres, Orlea ns, Le Mans , as well as in Strasbourg , etc. Which came from Italy in the sixteen century rebirth left empennage such architectural masterpieces as numerous castles of the Loire , the palaces of Versailles and Fontainebleau .\n\nIn France, you can see such masterpieces Napoleonic era ( neoclassicism ) as the Arc de Triomphe, the Vendome Column and perform of the Madeleine in Paris, kinglike buildings eclectic XIX century - line of business Grand opera , City residence hall Hotel de Ville and the Grand palace , the famous Eiffel lift . The twentieth century brought a contour of French cities architecture Art Nouveau building and modern facilities such as the touch for them . Pompidou Centre , the pentad pyramid and a complex of buildings in La defensive measure district of Paris .\n\nCultural behavior of the country is represent by numerous theaters and museums , including such world famous as the Louvre and the Musee dOrsay in Paris, various music , theater and occu py festivals (including Cannes ) . In new years, a benign of Mecca for tourists from all over the world became Eurodisneyland .\n\n panoptic recognition in the world got a French art , literature and assorted musical gloss .